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Coagulation/flocculation for effective removal of green bromocresol using NP/Fe₃O₄: a statistical optimization approach for sustainable wastewater treatment
 
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1
Laboratory of Organic Bioorganic Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco.
 
2
Laboratory of Chemistry of Coordination and Analytics, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 24000, El Jadida, Morocco.
 
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Higher School of Education and Training, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
 
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Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modelling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
 
 
Corresponding author
Hamid Nasrellah   

Laboratory of Organic Bioorganic Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
 
 
Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol. 2025; 4
 
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ABSTRACT
Natural phosphate/Fe₃O₄ (NP/Fe₃O₄) was prepared by modifying natural phosphate with ferric chloride (FeCl₃). The resulting composite was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify functional groups and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to analyze its crystalline structure. A Box-Behnken design model was used to optimize three operational parameters: the initial pH, the dosage of NP/Fe₃O₄, and the initial concentration of green bromocresol (GBC), aiming to achieve maximum GBC removal from wastewater. Experimental tests were carried out using a six-beaker jar test setup to replicate the treatment process under controlled conditions. The findings revealed that GBC removal efficiency peaked at 97% when the pH was maintained between 4 and 7. This high efficiency demonstrates the effectiveness of NP/Fe₃O₄ as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Additionally, the study emphasizes the crucial role of statistical optimization techniques in enhancing the removal of pollutants and improving the overall efficiency of treatment processes.
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