The Impact of Climate Conditions on the Yield of Some Fall Barley Cultivars for the Production of Beer in the Kosovo Plain

Barley is a plant in Europe that occupies an important place in the structure of cultivated plants. The main use of barley is for brewing beer. Even in Kosovo, the main part of barley production is used in the beer industry. The beer industry in Kosovo produces beer prepared from barley; it is liked by the consumer, not only in Kosovo but also in Albania. Our brewing industry mainly uses locally grown barley. Our farmers have planted the traditional cultivars of barley but, recently and in the future, new cultivars have been introduced and introduced, preferring those that give high yields but also with good chemical and technological indicators. Our study aimed to determine the influ - ence of climatic (temperature and humidity) and soil factors on the yield and quality of barley production in both areas of its cultivation. The presence of mineral elements in the soil are necessary for barley such as: Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc and climatic factors for the production of beer barley.


INTRODUCTION
It is known that the main characteristics of malt production from barley depend on their chemical composition, which have a direct impact on the quality of beer, are controlled genetically, that is, by the cultivar, but also by environmental conditions, that is, by the conditions concrete cultivation represented by soil and climatic conditions. The average yield of barley, realized in our conditions during the last years, is around 25 qq/ha. This pollution is caused by the transmission and discharge of particles, in the form of dust. In this sense, heavy metals like Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, etc. (Table 1) ). The productive potential for barley cultivars grown in our conditions is over 80 qq/ha (about 48.95 kg, and has been redefined as 100 kg mesures usuelles, thus called metric quintal with symbol qq.), which means that, on a national scale, this potential is currently used around 30-40%. The productive potential for barley cultivars grown in our conditions is over 8000 kg/ha, which means that, on a national scale, this potential is currently used around 30-40% (Shala et al. 2023).
Barley is grown for many purposes, but most of all barley is used for animal feed, human consumption, or brewing. Sources of water pollution in reducing its quality are the result of the discharge of wastewater without prior treatment. High protein barley is generally valued for food and forage, and as a source of starch for production. Barley

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental trials were set up in two places: • on the lands of the Agricultural Institute of Kosovo, in Arbnesh, (Dukagjin Plain), 6 km away from Peja, 488 m above sea level, and, • in Pestovo (Kosovo Plain), 560 m a.s.l.
The field trials were set up in three sampling sites and the barley cultivars in the trial were arranged according to the randomized block method. The area of each variant was 10 m 2 (10 × 1 m). Each variant consisted of 6 rows, with a distance of 11 cm between them. In order to carry out these analyzes on the soils where our field tests were carried out, relevant soil samples were taken, at a depth of 0-30 cm, which were subjected to relevant analyzes to determine the content of different chemical elements, as follows: organic matter (humus), total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and groundwater reaction (pH) ( Table 2). Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of chemical elements .
Soil analysis showed that both soils were generally rich in humus, medium in phosphorus and potash, and rich in calcium and magnesium. Based on these data, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilization doses were determined, while there was no need for calcium and magnesium fertilization. The calculation of the sums of active temperatures was carried out based on the following formula: From different authors it results that the basic temperature for barley, as well as for other crops, can be calculated as 0 °C (Cao and Moss 1989), or even 5 °C (Table 3). For this reason, the calculations of active temperatures were made taking  into consideration the two basic temperatures for the calculation of the active temperatures that were needed by the different varieties of barley during the three years and in the two climatic zones studied.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The scientific work, aimed at recognizing and determining the influence of climatic conditions on the production and quality parameters of some cultivars of autumn barley for the production of beer, was based on field tests which were carried out in two experimental areas, in Peja and in Pestovo. during the years of analysis. After the outbreak of the pandemic, there has been a decrease of 20% in the tourism sector, a decrease of 19% in exports ). Thus, for example, in Peja, the cultivars Vanessa, Bingo and Zlatko are classified in first place with, respectively, 53.5, 52.8 and 52.0 qq/ha; while in Pestovo only one cultivar is in the first group, Vanessa with 58.5 qq /ha, the other cultivars have significant differences compared to the first ones, especially Rex in Peja and Esterel and Rex in Pestovo (Table 4).
It is of interest to note that in 2020, firstly, yields were higher compared to 2019 and, secondly, higher yields were obtained in Peja compared to Pestovo. It seems that the cultivation conditions were more suitable in 2020, as well as in Peja, compared to Pestova (Table 5 and 6). Environmental experts claim that the increase in the level of pollution in the cities of Kosovo affects: vehicle traffic ) .The 2020 data are also statistically proven and give us a completely different picture from the first years. In both test sites, the cultivar Barun is in first place with, respectively, 71.2 qq/ha and  If we treat the annual average data of both tests as a single test, then with 6 repetitions we will have a different picture. Even in this case, the data is verified, but the behavior of the cultivars takes a different form. In this case, almost the cultivars are presented with the same level of yield, except the cultivar Esterel (table 8 and 9), ). According to this point of view, since we cannot predict the climatic course of the year, we can cultivate any cultivar and have satisfactory yields. This manuscript aims to further develop the understanding of the marketing involvement for tourism business (Table 10), ).
Barley is more tolerant than wheat to soil salinization, which may explain the increase in  barley cultivation in Mesopotamia from the second millennium BC. Barley is not as cold tolerant as common wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), or winter triticale (Triticosecale), but it can be planted as a winter crop even in relatively cold areas. But have environmental conditions influenced the behavior of cultivars for their productive capacity? To that end, let's examine the data by presenting it by field trials, via the three-year average, and by years, via the field trial average (Table 11 and 12). In order to come to a more accurate conclusion on the influence of climatic conditions on the yield of different barley cultivars in both climatic zones, the Kosovo Meteorological Institute provided daily data on minimum and maximum temperatures and rainfall in both zones where set up the experiment. Atmospheric precipitation is another major source of cadmium in the environment (Table 13 and      From a look at the active temperatures in different areas and years, we notice that there is considerable variation regarding the total amount of active temperatures that barley plants need to complete their vegetative cycle. These changes are both between areas and between years, for the same variety. In our opinion, this means that not only the average temperature has had an impact on the ripening of plants, but also very high temperatures or even the lack of humidity, which affect the earlier ripening of plants (Table 15 and 16).
The differences in the total amount of active temperatures between varieties within the same area and year are similar to the differences between the lengths of the developmental stages. These changes were discussed above and need not be repeated here.  Interesting are the changes in active temperatures between different years (Table 17 and 18). The differences in the total amount of active temperatures between varieties within the same area and year are similar to the differences between the lengths of the developmental stages. These changes were discussed above and need not be repeated here. Interesting are the changes in active temperatures between different years. The course of changes of the sums of active temperatures calculated with a base temperature of 5 °C are similar to those calculated considering a base temperature of 0 °C, but the total values are significantly lower (Table 19). However, there are also quite a few changes that are observed especially in the periods from reporting to ripening.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on observations, biometric measurements, chemical analyzes and our scientific evaluations on plant period indicators, production elements, on quantitative and qualitative production indicators obtained on 6 barley cultivars studied in two field trials and three years, we concluded: 1. For the features, characteristics and quantitative and qualitative indicators of cultivar production, we make the following scientific generalizations -for absolute weight (weight  2. Regarding the influence of the environmental conditions, of the areas where the field tests were carried out, we make the following generalizations -the number of grains/ear was influenced by the conditions of the field trial site. Barley cultivars formed more crops/cobs in Peja, compared to Pestovo. In the area of Peja, the Zllatko cultivar had the highest yield, and in Pestovo, the Vanessa cultivar. From the observation of the active temperature values, it was observed that the active temperatures with TBase equal to 5°C correlate better with the yield of different cultivars for the conditions of Kosovo than the active temperatures realized with TBase equal to 0 °C. Environmental conditions, represented by the place of cultivation, have also influenced the association of traits.