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Evaluating ecosystem recovery on degraded lands restoration using satellite-based spatial indicators in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia
 
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1
Tropical Biodiversity Conservation Study Program, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
 
2
Department of Forest Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
 
These authors had equal contribution to this work
 
 
Corresponding author
Theresa Vindri Pramesti   

IPB University (16680)
 
 
Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol. 2025; 8
 
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ABSTRACT
Ecosystem restoration efforts are undertaken in degraded forest areas impacted by anthropogenic disturbances, particularly agricultural expansion, to mitigate global warming. One of the primary challenges in implementing restoration programs is the difficulty in monitoring their effectiveness, primarily due to limited accessibility and the broad spatial extent of restoration sites. This limitation can be addressed by applying remote sensing technologies, which enable continuous, large-scale monitoring of landscape dynamics with high temporal and spatial efficiency. This study evaluates the recovery of ecosystem services over 14 years in a restoration area within the corridor habitat of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia. The assessment focuses on three critical ecosystem service functions: microclimate regulation, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration. Spatial analysis was conducted using Landsat satellite imagery to quantify changes in Land Surface Temperature (LST), Forest Canopy Density (FCD), and net primary productivity (NPP), in addition to assessing landscape structure through fragmentation metrics, including Number of Patches (NP), Edge Density (ED), Mean Shape Index (MSI), and Interspersion and Juxtaposition Index (IJI). The results indicate that while restoration efforts have facilitated partial recovery of ecosystem functions, the original ecological integrity of forest ecosystem services has not yet been fully restored. Nonetheless, integrating remote sensing data with landscape ecological indicators provides a practical and scalable method for assessing the dynamics of ecosystem service recovery in large and inaccessible restoration areas.
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