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Laboratory Visual Phytotoxicity Screening of Tropical Macrophytes Exposed to High-LPI Landfill Leachate: Exploratory Benchmarks for Species Selection
 
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1
Department of Environmental Health, Palembang Ministry of Health Polytechnic, South Sumatra, Indonesia, Mawar Street, No. 2711, Ilir Barat II Distric, Palembang City, South Sumatera Postcode 30134
 
2
Faculty of Public Health, Sriwijaya University
 
3
Doctoral Program in Environmental Science, Graduate Program, Sriwijaya University
 
 
Corresponding author
Priyadi Kamidi   

Department of Environmental Health, Palembang Ministry of Health Polytechnic, South Sumatra, Indonesia, Mawar Street, No. 2711, Ilir Barat II Distric, Palembang City, South Sumatera Postcode 30134
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
Inadequate landfill leachate management threatens aquatic ecosystems in rapidly urbanising tropical regions. This study conducted a preliminary laboratory visual-phytotoxicity screening of four tropical aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Eleocharis dulcis, Salvinia molesta, and Hydrilla verticillata) exposed to high-strength leachate from the Sukawinatan Landfill, Indonesia. Raw leachate had a mean Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) of 44.2. Plants were exposed to 0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% leachate for 14 days, and ordinal visual injury was assessed on Days 7 and 14. The verified dataset comprised 144 observations from 72 experimental units. Repeated ordinal responses were analysed using weakly regularised Bayesian cumulative-link mixed-effects models, with experimental unit included as a random intercept; exact paired sign tests and day-specific Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn analyses were used as sensitivity analyses. Increasing concentration consistently increased the odds of severe visual injury for all species, whereas concentration-by-day interactions remained uncertain. After Holm correction, paired analyses did not establish a general deterioration between Days 7 and 14. Eleocharis dulcis showed the widest visual-tolerance range, while Salvinia molesta was the most sensitive. Approximate moderate-injury benchmarks were 3.13%, 4.17%, 8.33%, and 33.33% for S. molesta, H. verticillata, E. crassipes, and E. dulcis, respectively. These values are exploratory visual-effect benchmarks, not physiological EC50 values or field-operational limits. Raw or weakly diluted high-LPI leachate therefore requires pretreatment or substantial dilution before pilot-scale macrophyte testing.
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