Laboratory visual phytotoxicity screening of tropical macrophytes exposed to high-leachate pollution index landfill leachate: Exploratory benchmarks for species selection
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1
Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health Polytechnic, Mawar Street, No. 2711, Ilir Barat II District, 30134, Palembang City, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Public Health, Sriwijaya University, Palembang-Prabumulih KM. 32 Street, Kelurahan Timbangan, 30862, Indralaya, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Palembang-Prabumulih KM. 32 Street, Kelurahan Timbangan, 30862, Indralaya, Indonesia
Publication date: 2026-08-09
Corresponding author
Priyadi Kamidi
Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health Polytechnic, Mawar Street, No. 2711, Ilir Barat II District, 30134, Palembang City, Indonesia
Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol. 2026; 10
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ABSTRACT
Inadequate landfill leachate management threatens aquatic ecosystems in rapidly urbanising tropical regions. This study conducted a preliminary laboratory visual-phytotoxicity screening of four tropical aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Eleocharis dulcis, Salvinia molesta, and Hydrilla verticillata) exposed to high-strength leachate from the Sukawinatan Landfill, Indonesia. Raw leachate had a mean Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) of 44.2. Plants were exposed to 0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% leachate for 14 days, and ordinal visual injury was assessed on Days 7 and 14. The verified dataset comprised 144 observations from 72 experimental units. Repeated ordinal responses were analysed using weakly regularised Bayesian cumulative-link mixed-effects models, with experimental unit included as a random intercept; exact paired sign tests and day-specific Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn analyses were used as sensitivity analyses. Increasing concentration consistently increased the odds of severe visual injury for all species, whereas concentration-by-day interactions remained uncertain. After Holm correction, paired analyses did not establish a general deterioration between Days 7 and 14. Eleocharis dulcis showed the widest visual-tolerance range, while Salvinia molesta was the most sensitive. Approximate moderate-injury benchmarks were 3.13%, 4.17%, 8.33%, and 33.33% for S. molesta, H. verticillata, E. crassipes, and E. dulcis, respectively. These values are exploratory visual-effect benchmarks, not physiological EC50 values or field-operational limits. Raw or weakly diluted high-LPI leachate therefore requires pretreatment or substantial dilution before pilot-scale macrophyte testing.