Environmental pollution by heavy metals represents one of the critical drivers of natural ecosystem degradation and a significant threat to human health. This study investigates the relationship between ambient air quality, shaped by intensive industrial activity and heavy traffic load, and the associated risks to public health. The findings demonstrate consistently elevated levels of atmospheric pollution across the investigated area. Natural factors such as unfavorable meteorological conditions further impede the dispersion of pollutants, while the dominant anthropogenic sources remain industrial facilities and motor vehicles. Risk assessment of both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects was performed in accordance with the U.S. EPA methodology, based on retrospective analysis of Pb, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd concentrations during 2018–2024. The results reveal a markedly elevated respiratory non-carcinogenic risk in children (HQ = 5.25) and a moderate risk in adults (HQ = 1.12), primarily attributable to atmospheric copper (Cu) exposure. The cumulative non-carcinogenic hazard index was also considerable in children (HI = 7.33) and moderate in adults (HI = 1.56). The most vulnerable systems were identified as the respiratory tract (HI = 7.14 in children; HI = 1.53 in adults) and the central nervous system in children (HI = 1.23). Overall systemic exposure was characterized as high for the child population (HI = 5.25) and moderate for adults (HI = 1.12). In terms of contribution to non-cancer risk, heavy metals followed the order: Cu (72%) > Ni (8%) = Cd (8%) > Mn (6%) > Cr (2%) = Pb (2%) = Zn (2%). The cumulative potential cancer risk (CPCR) was within acceptable limits for both children (CPCR = 7.1E-05) and adults (CPCR = 7.6E-05), with Cr (81–92%), Cd (5–16%), and Ni (2–5%) identified as the principal contributors. Overall, the analysis highlights the urgent need for preventive strategies to mitigate the health impacts of heavy metals in urban air and underscores the importance of revising air quality management practices to better protect vulnerable populations.