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Valorisation of coconut stem waste and calcium carbide residue into a hybrid material for iron and zinc removal from binary aqueous systems
 
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1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Palembang 30263, Indonesia
 
2
Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662, Indonesia
 
 
Publication date: 2026-10-31
 
 
Corresponding author
Muhammad Arief Karim   

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Palembang 30263, Indonesia
 
 
Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol. 2027; 1
 
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ABSTRACT
An HBC–CaO hybrid was prepared from KOH-activated coconut-stem biochar and calcined calcium carbide residue (CCR) and evaluated for Fe and Zn removal in single-metal and binary aqueous systems. Batch removal experiments were conducted in triplicate, and results are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD; n = 3). Biochar activated at 750 °C was combined with CCR calcined at 900 °C at a 3:1 mass ratio. We characterised the material using N₂ adsorption (BET), SEM–EDX, FTIR, and XRD. After contact with the binary Fe–Zn solution, the BET surface area decreased from 350.31 to 249.84 m² g⁻¹. In single-metal kinetic tests, the operational capacities at 240 min were 9.008 mg g⁻¹ for Fe introduced as Fe(II) and 8.364 mg g⁻¹ for Zn(II). The pseudo-second-order model gave the best kinetic fit on the original qₜ scale (R²qₜ = 0.9913 for Fe and 0.9887 for Zn). The Freundlich model best described the Fe isotherm (R²qₑ = 0.9758), whereas the Temkin model best described the Zn isotherm (R²qₑ = 0.9473). In the binary system, the total operational capacity reached 68.80 mg g⁻¹, and the Fe/Zn selectivity coefficient ranged from 1.447 to 1.556. After five reuse cycles, the adsorbent maintained about 69% of its initial removal performance. The mean final pH was 8.7; because we did not run adsorbent-free controls, we could not separate adsorption and precipitation contributions. Accordingly, we interpret removal as removal from the aqueous phase during operation.
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