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Valorisation of coconut stem waste and calcium carbide residue into a hybrid material for iron and zinc removal from binary aqueous systems
 
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1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Palembang 30263, Indonesia
 
2
Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662, Indonesia
 
 
Corresponding author
Muhammad Arief Karim   

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Jl. Jenderal Ahmad Yani, 13 Ulu, Palembang 30263, Indonesia
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
An HBC–CaO hybrid was prepared from KOH-activated coconut-stem biochar and calcined calcium carbide residue (CCR) and evaluated for Fe and Zn removal in single-metal and binary aqueous systems. Batch removal experiments were conducted in triplicate, and results are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD; n = 3). Biochar activated at 750 °C was combined with CCR calcined at 900 °C at a 3:1 mass ratio. We characterised the material using N₂ adsorption (BET), SEM–EDX, FTIR, and XRD. After contact with the binary Fe–Zn solution, the BET surface area decreased from 350.31 to 249.84 m² g⁻¹. In single-metal kinetic tests, the operational capacities at 240 min were 9.008 mg g⁻¹ for Fe introduced as Fe(II) and 8.364 mg g⁻¹ for Zn(II). The pseudo-second-order model gave the best kinetic fit on the original qₜ scale (R²qₜ = 0.9913 for Fe and 0.9887 for Zn). The Freundlich model best described the Fe isotherm (R²qₑ = 0.9758), whereas the Temkin model best described the Zn isotherm (R²qₑ = 0.9473). In the binary system, the total operational capacity reached 68.80 mg g⁻¹, and the Fe/Zn selectivity coefficient ranged from 1.447 to 1.556. After five reuse cycles, the adsorbent maintained about 69% of its initial removal performance. The mean final pH was 8.7; because we did not run adsorbent-free controls, we could not separate adsorption and precipitation contributions. Accordingly, we interpret removal as removal from the aqueous phase during operation.
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