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Evaluation and Analysis of the Water Footprint of Agricultural Crop Production in the Timahdite Region (Ifrane, Middle Atlas, Morocco).
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1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Meknes, University of Moulay ISMAIL-MEKNES (FS-UMI-MEKNES)
 
2
Laboratory of Scientific Innovation in sustainability, Environment, Education and Health in era of AI (ISDEESIA), Department of Biology-Geology, Ecole Normale Supèrieure (ENS), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fes, Morocco
 
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MASI Laboratory, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fes, Morocco.
 
 
Corresponding author
Lahcen KARROUCH   

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Meknes, University of Moulay ISMAIL-MEKNES (FS-UMI-MEKNES)
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
Water is an essential resource and a critical factor for agricultural production, particularly in water-scarce regions such as the Timahdite area (Ifrane, Morocco). The water footprint (WF) concept is extensively used as an indicator to evaluate water use in agricultural crop production and better managing water resources. Drawing on this concept, the objective of this research is to evaluate and analyze the water footprint of the eight major crops cultivated in the Timahdite region over the 2020-2025 periods, and the influence of several factors (e.g. climatic condition). The typology of relationships among variables (WF and Crop-types) was analyzed using Principal Component Anlysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis. The analysis of the major climatic factors in Timahdite revealed pronounced interannual variability, accompanied by a notable decline in precipitation in recent years. The results indicate that the mean total water footprint of all analyzed crops during the study period reached 1019.6 m3/ton of production (48 % green, 45% blue, and 7% grey WF) and wheat and other cereal exhibit the highest WF among all crops categories. A comparatively, stone fruit crops (plums, apple and cherries) exhibited relatively elevated total blue WF, which was significantly larger than root and bulb vegetables (onions, garlic, and potatoes), indicating a greater dependence on irrigation water. Several crops exhibit the most substantial percentage deviation in WF when compared to the global average benchmark established by FAO. The PCA provides a typological and clustering framework that elucidates the relationships between crops-types and WF, explaining 92% of the total variance. The analysis identifies five principal groups characterized by distinct water-use patterns. The clusters results indicate that apples and carrots exhibit the highest levels of blue water consumption. In contrast, onion and garlic exert comparatively lower pressure on local blue water resources. The WF components enables evaluation of both the origins of water resources mobilized in agricultural crop production in the Timahdite region and volume required to produce a given product.The findings of this study underscore the relevance of the water footprint concept as an innovative analytical framework, offering an effective tool for assessing agricultural water use and contributing to the sustainable management of water resources.
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