Synergistic carbon dioxide Mineralization in Produced Water for Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Experimental Investigation
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University of Baghdad , College of Engineering , Baghdad , Iraq
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
This study investigates a synergistic approach to integrate carbon dioxide (CO2 ) mineralization with hyper saline produced water (PW) from the Mishrif formation in Iraq’s Al-Zubair oil field to generate "smart water" for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The experimental methodology involved carbonating PW at 50 bar and 30 °C, followed by alkalinity adjustment to pH 10.4 using NaOH to induce mineral precipitation. A total precipitate yield of 8.78 g per 100 mL with significant CO₂ sequestration capacity of 7.5 g CO₂/L , was recovered. X-ray Diffraction (XRD ) , Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS ) analyses identified the crystalline mineral composition as calcite (CaCO3, 19.95 wt%), fluorite (CaF₂, 16.63 wt%), and halite (NaCl, 9.07 wt%), with the remaining approximately 54% composed of amorphous phases and poorly crystalline materials. The transformation into "smart water" achieved a 24.7% reduction in interfacial tension (IFT), decreasing from 61.43 mN/m to 46.28 mN/m, primarily driven by pH-dependent interfacial charge effects. Also, zeta potential measurements showed a charge reversal from +12.4 mV to -19.08 mV, suggesting a favorable environment for altering reservoir wettability toward a more water-wet state. Inductively Coupled Plasma and Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements initially indicated an increase in calcium concentration (from 9,663 to 12,847 mg/L) in a system undergoing precipitation determined to be caused by precipitate heterogeneity, dissolution during sample dilution and matrix effects inherent to hyper saline brines at extreme pH values. Absence of magnesium in XRD while there is a small amount in ICP-OES and EDS prove the recent studies on Mishrif formation in presence of dolomite.