Development of carbon monoxide based materials from oyster and clam shells for metal ion removal from aqueous media and proposal of the underlying mechanism
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1
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City,
Institute for Environmental Science, Engineering and Management,
12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
2
Institute of Green and Sustainable Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Corresponding author
Trung Minh Dao
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City,
Institute for Environmental Science, Engineering and Management,
12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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ABSTRACT
This study evaluates the potential of calcined oyster and clam shells as low-cost materials for the removal of heavy metal ions Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ in aqueous solutions. The materials were collected, cleaned, and calcined at 700 °C to produce carbon monoxide (CaO)-rich materials. Material characterization was performed using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM,) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET). The FT-IR results confirmed the partial conversion of CaCO3 to CaO, while SEM images showed a strongly aggregated particle structure and dense surface. BET analysis revealed very low specific surface areas (1.049 and 0.373 m2/g for oyster and clam shells, respectively), indicating poorly developed capillary structures. Despite this, both materials achieved high removal efficiency, particularly for Pb2+(>90% at a concentration of 150 mg/L). The treatment efficiency followed the order Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+, consistent with the physicochemical properties and precipitation capabilities of the metal ions. The results showed that the removal mechanism was not dominated by physical adsorption but mainly involved chemical processes, including CaO hydration to create an alkaline environment, precipitation of hydroxides and carbonates, and ion exchange. The study demonstrated that calcined seashell material is an effective, sustainable, and low-cost solution for heavy metal treatment in water.