Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Total Suspended Particles in Semi Urban, Urban, and Industrial Areas, of Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia
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Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
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Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Department of Chemistry, Sekolah Tinggi Analis Bakti Asih, Bandung 40192, Indonesia
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Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
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Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia
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National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
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Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
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Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta Selatan 12220, Indonesia
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Department of Building Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan 20221, Indonesia
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Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
Corresponding author
Wisnu Prayogo
Department of Building Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan 20221, Indonesia
Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol. 2023; 5:131-140
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ABSTRACT
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) in ambient air contain metallic elements and can be inhaled by humans. Inhaled metal elements risk public health with long-term exposure because metallic elements are carcinogenic in the human body. This study aimed to analyze metallic elements and assess their risk to public health in the Bandung area and its surroundings. The metal elements analyzed in this research are Pb, Al, and Mn. Ambient air sampling was carried out in five industrial areas: Bandung Wetan, Buahbatu, Cibeureum, Padalarang, and Cimahi. High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) is for sampling TSP in ambient air, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used to analyze metallic elements. The results of the study showed that the Cimahi location gave the highest TSP level (126.7 g/m3) and the lowest is Padalarang (15.1µg/m3). The metal elements concentrations, Pb, Al, and Mn were varied widely of 7.1–29.21 ng/m3, 1054.9–1700.1 ng/m3, and 8.91–14.79 ng/m3, respectively. Risk analysis was determined by calculating ADDinhale, Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI) to determine whether there is a potential non–carcinogenic effect on public health. Each industrial area gives an HI value > 1, and Buahbatu has the highest HI. This study proves that Pb significantly contributes to the increased risk of community exposure to non-carcinogenic effects.